11/19/2023 0 Comments Next step mcat half length![]() ![]() : 13 A survey conducted by the UK National Addiction Centre found 67% of mephedrone users experienced sweating, 51% suffered from headaches, 43% from heart palpitations, 27% from nausea and 15% from cold or blue fingers, indicative of vasoconstriction occurring. : 13 When snorted, it can also cause nose bleeds and nose burns. Other effects users in internet forums have noted include changes in body temperature, increased heart rate, breathing difficulties, loss of appetite, increased sweating, discolouration of extremities, anxiety, paranoia and depression. : 13 They noted the most severe effects appear anecdotally to be linked with high doses or prolonged use, and the effects may be due to users taking other intoxicants at the same time. The EMCDDA reported mephedrone can cause various unintended side effects including: dilated pupils, poor concentration, teeth grinding, problems focusing visually, poor short-term memory, hallucinations, delusions, and erratic behaviour. Four products sold in Irish head shops were tested in 2010 and were found to contain between 82% and 14% mephedrone, with some products containing benzocaine and caffeine. ![]() An unpublished study of six samples also ordered off the internet in the UK in 2010 found they contained very few organic impurities. One published study that analysed samples of mephedrone bought using the internet in the UK in 2010 found it was racemic (a mixture of both stereoisomers) and of high purity. : 12 It is sometimes sold mixed with methylone in a product called bubbles in the UK and also mixed with other cathinones, including ethcathinone, butylone, fluoromethcathinone and methedrone. The effects last for between two and three hours when taken orally or nasally, but only half an hour if taken intravenously. ![]() : 12 When taken orally, users reported they could feel the effects within 15–45 minutes when snorted, the effects were felt within minutes and peaked within half an hour. Mephedrone can come in the form of capsules, tablets or white powder that users may swallow, snort, inject, smoke or use rectally. This was contrary to another study in New Zealand, where users of benzylpiperazine thought that because it was legal, it was safe. A study of users in Northern Ireland found they did not equate the fact that mephedrone was legal with it being safe to use. The users were also asked to compare the "risk", and they answered that it was equal. In a survey of UK users who had previously taken cocaine, most users found it produced a better-quality and longer-lasting high and was less addictive. Of 70 Dutch users of mephedrone, 58 described it as an overall pleasant experience and 12 described it as an unpleasant experience. Users have reported that mephedrone causes euphoria, stimulation, an enhanced appreciation for music, an elevated mood, decreased hostility, improved mental function and mild sexual stimulation these effects are similar to the effects of cocaine, amphetamines and MDMA, and last different amounts of time depending on the way the drug is taken. This classification was made permanent in July 2012 with the passage of the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act (SDAPA). In September 2011, the US temporarily classified mephedrone as a Schedule I drug, effective October 2011. In Australia, New Zealand and the United States, it is considered an analog of other illegal drugs and can be controlled by laws similar to the US Federal Analog Act. In 2010, it was made illegal in many European countries and in December 2010, the EU ruled it illegal. Mephedrone was first made illegal in Israel in 2008, followed by Sweden later that year. By 2000, mephedrone was reported to be available for sale on the internet, by 2008 law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound, and by 2010, it had been reported in most of Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom. Mephedrone was first synthesised in 1929, but did not become widely known until it was rediscovered in 1999–2000 at which point it was legal to produce and possess in many countries. The metabolism of mephedrone has been studied in rats and humans and the metabolites can be detected in urine after usage. In addition to its stimulant effects, mephedrone produces side effects, of which bruxism is the most common. It comes in the form of tablets or crystals, which users can swallow, snort or inject, producing effects similar to those of MDMA, amphetamines and cocaine. It is chemically similar to the cathinone compounds found in the khat plant of eastern Africa. Slang names include drone, M-CAT, White Magic, meow meow and bubble. Mephedrone, also known as 4-methylmethcathinone, 4-MMC, and 4-methylephedrone, is a synthetic stimulant drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes. ![]()
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